The Intersection of Genetic and Molecular Biology in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: Identifying Key Biomarkers and Pathways for Clinical Intervention

Review Article

Abstract

Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer, as an intricate interplay of genetic and molecular factors, have been a central area of study. Researchers have sought to delineate key biomarkers and pathways for potential clinical intervention. The understanding of these genetic and molecular factors is crucial for informed decision-making and patient care. Studies have demonstrated that OPMDs create a field of specific abnormalities known as 'oral field cancerization,' wherein genetically altered cells can predispose to malignancies in multiple oral cavity areas. Molecular investigations have revealed both overexpressed and underexpressed genes in precancerous oral lesions, shedding light on the involvement of oncogenic pathways and proinflammatory conditions in the progression of oral cancer. Furthermore, bioinformatics analyses have brought to the fore crucial genes, such as IRF4, CCR7, TNFRSF17, CD27, and S1PR4, which play substantial roles in oral squamous cell carcinoma and may serve as prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets. The integration of genetic risk scores with environmental factors has demonstrated promise in identifying high-risk individuals for oral squamous cell carcinoma, underscoring the significance of early screening and intervention strategies to mitigate the incidence of oral cancer. A thorough comprehension of these alterations is essential for prompt evaluation, prognosis, and the creation of focused treatments. This article delves into the genetic and molecular profiling of OPMDs, emphasizing key biomarkers, pathways, and the clinical implications of these discoveries.